Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age, impacting an estimated 8–13% of women globally. Characterized by hormonal imbalances, metabolic irregularities, and ovarian dysfunction, PCOS is a complex and multifaceted condition that extends beyond reproductive health and influences nearly every aspect of a woman’s well-being. PCOS is primarily defined by three core features: chronic anovulation (irregular or absent menstrual cycles), hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones leading to symptoms like acne, hirsutism, and scalp hair thinning), and polycystic ovarian morphology on ultrasound. A diagnosis is typically confirmed when two out of these three features are present. However, due to the heterogeneity of the syndrome, symptoms and severity can vary widely among individuals, making early diagnosis and management challenging. In many cases, PCOS is also associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to care. The exact cause of PCOS remains unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.